PMP Certification Exam learning and thinking [1]

September 23, 2006, I participated in the PMP certification exam. We are training a total of 35 students, according to our training of teachers say, this passed the 28, my highest marks. Heard the news, I was very pleased. In fact, this PMP certification exam, not only brought me a paper certificate, even more importantly, I truly feel the essence of the PMP certification exam, the following about his experience PMP certification exam experience, give us hope majority are and will participate in project management, project management practitioners certification exams bring some useful information.

First, learn - how to prepare for PMP certification exam

Review time is not longer the better
PMP exam I feel is both theoretical knowledge and practical experience of a certification exam. Therefore, there is little practical experience of colleagues is best not to take the examination for the certificate away, so meaningful.
For some work experience in project management officers has, as a certain theory of project management knowledge and practical experience, Jinjinquefa right project management theoretical knowledge of the system in order, so review of Shi Jian Bu Xuyao too long. Because the review too long, on the one hand will increase their psychological stress (work in project management personnel are generally busy, while working a long time thinking if the test itself will increase the psychological pressure on the health disadvantage) ; the other hand, the review will also reduce the efficiency of their own (with the famous "Parkinson's Law" as evidence).
I know from personal experience, I think, a certain theory of project management knowledge and rich practical experience of project manager (3 years project management experience), with 1 to 3 months of review time, daily review 2 to 3 hours is enough (before and after my review of nearly 2 months time).

Taking the written plan must be reviewed
In fact, PMP certification exam to participate in the actual doing is a "project" and therefore, as a "project manager" of your own, be sure to do a written plan to organize their review time. Deeply felt by all of us: As the busy working hours, often bungled its own review. Written plan to do at least the following three benefits:
1, to advance a reasonable schedule their review mission, and will not close examination we find the contents of the original plan review is simply not taken into account;
2, with the review plan, make themselves know what's what and complete review of the task step by step, even if the delay in progress, but also know how much delay, the measures taken to catch up the progress;
3, a practical plan can hold their own confidence, but confidence is an important guarantee of success.
When I review sit for their written plan developed and posted in conspicuous location at home, each to complete a task is well marked, very good.

Review thousands turned to teaching-oriented
In fact, any examination will not be too far from the textbook, PMP certification exam is the same. I read the present, almost every exam experience tell me that, as long as the hang of teaching materials, the test certainly pretty close. Therefore, the PMP certification exam colleagues to participate, do not put aside PMBOK away or do a lot of reading books on simulation questions, so results will definitely not ideal. Because the reference and simulation problems often focus on one aspect of knowledge points and not systematic and coherent body of knowledge points, a coherent system of knowledge does not grasp the point of the candidates, as long as the exam is very difficult to judge the whole minor change to the.
PMP certification exam before participating in general need to look at PMBOK Chinese more than four times (at least three times to see), the first pass extensive reading (a little early to flick through, from the overall project management knowledge to establish the whole picture), the first 2, three times, intensive reading (word for word to see, deep experience and understanding of the content and essence of knowledge points), fourth time is summed up style to read, the project management knowledge and their own project management experiences, integration into the their own thoughts. In addition, PMBOK English must be a turning things upside down, so you can make up PMBOK Chinese translation deficiencies, the correct grasp of project management knowledge has great benefits.
I am in the process of review, PMBOK Chinese watched four times, and the Chinese version of the PMBOK that there is not a good understanding of their place carefully read the PMBOK on English.

Appropriate reference books to see
Appropriate reference is to deepen knowledge point to see the catalyst.
PMP certification exam is now on the market a lot of reference books, review examinations, only need to select the more authoritative 2,3 reference book enough.
Personally, I think, "How to Prepare for PMP Exam" and "project management breakthrough," these two books more practical, if carefully read these two books and completing one of the exercises is enough.
We must not buy too much review of references, or the yuan is not only a waste of their own, but also make their own review of losing focus.

Simulation exercises is essential
Simulation problem is to detect and to deepen their mastery of the knowledge point tools.
Of participants, teachers, students will normally be distributed to several model exam questions. In general, the systems do 5 sets of questions about the simulation more appropriate.
Simulation of individual candidate that has done the better question, I beg to differ. I think the question also needs to do simulation to stop, to do too much simulation title will change your original clear mind fuzzy, a number of high-quality analog problems even affect you on the correct understanding of the knowledge points.
Note that, at least 2 ~ 3 simulation questions, need to take the test as a formal, like a good time to do strictly controlled, so that can really make simulation training for the exam.
In addition, a few days before Lin Kao, best mistake of his original question to see it again, deeper impression. Because general, tend to do on the title will do the next time, then the wrong is often the next question will be wrong, through a deeper impression, can reduce the chance of mistakes.







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Out of "diseconomies of scale" retail cycle ice BI

Escape from the "scale of economy" cycle

After beginning to take shape when the information systems, retail store sales data every day, holding forth together to the headquarters, day and night to devour the server's disk space. But the data is not used, the more the more garbage. How to make real-time data about the key operation, so that the leaders in the data that crisis and opportunity behind, become the forefront of information technology at the local retail business in general focus.

In the supermarket, when the salesgirl scanned after you buy the goods, POS machines will show some information, then a friendly salesperson will ask you: "We have a disposable paper cup is a promotion in the F6 shelves, do you want to buy ? "At this point, you may be surprised to say:" ah, thank you, I just could not find a cup. "

This is the support of Wal-Mart in the BI system to achieve the "lean marketing" of an example. Even if the computer system as early as good, if customers cart napkins, large bottles of Coke and salad, then the possibility needs to buy 86% of disposable cups. Provide the decision support is its located in the United States, a huge, worldwide via satellite and store real-time connectivity to all enterprise data warehouse.

If its attention to the local retail industry, is likely that most consumers do not have such a shopping experience. Although, this line like Suning Appliance has BI into the large retail business, but everything was just a starting point for most local retailers, and even still to mention the start, let alone high-level BI applications based on the.

And this situation can also Teradata data warehouse provider in China in recent years, retail business development situation to see a little inkling. Although it is difficult to obtain Teradata's sales data in China, but one thing is certain, the company's retail expansion in domestic and foreign form a very sharp contrast, even with the domestic, retail and other sectors of the contrast It is fairly obvious. Teradata is a provider of retail data warehouse started, has been more than half the world's hundred retailers in the bag to enter the Chinese market over the past decade, although it approached constantly and local retailers, but so far few have a single floor; in the domestic telecommunications and financial industries, Teradata's sales are impressive.

Escape from the "scale of economy" cycle

Local retailers do not need BI? Obviously not. On the local retail business, "diseconomies of scale" and criticized, from time to time in the last two years, brought by the industry, but data supporting this assertion abound. From 2003 made by Tsinghua University SEM report on "Foreign large-scale retail enterprises more competitive research" paper can get a lot of strong support for the data.

In 2003, local retail businesses achieved sales growth of 39.4% on average, one to Beijing Wu Mart topped the growth rate of 76.3%, while the average growth rate of foreign enterprises is only -0.7%, the fastest-growing Wall Ma also only 11.7%; the same time, local enterprises to increase the speed of the average sales area of 36.5%, much higher than the 4.2% foreign enterprises, including the fastest-growing Suning growth rate 67.9%, far higher than Waugh Erma 8%, fully reflects the scale of the local retail industry in recent years, rapid development momentum.

However, from the profit perspective, local retailers profit growth on average only 17.1%, lower than the foreign enterprises 23.1%. Combined with local companies to increase sales growth and business area growth rate of these two indicators, in terms of average or optimal value terms, the average level of foreign enterprises are 6 to 9 times; and profit growth was lower in foreign enterprises. To some extent this reflects the scale of China's retail enterprises have expanded rapidly, but more extensive operation, costs, expenses have not been effectively controlled, so profit growth.

In practice, Wal-Mart to shop on behalf of foreign companies is not high speed. 60s in the 20th century, 8 years, Wal-Mart's shop rate is an average of 2 to 3; 70 years in the 20th century, the average annual increase of 26; in the 20th century, 80's, the average annual increase of more than 100; 90 years in the 20th century, the average annual increase of more than 200. Although the increase in the number of stores each year well over sixties and the seventies, but the percentage increase was smaller than in the past.

Today, a few years ago, the data reflected in the domestic retail enterprises in China, "diseconomies of scale" phenomenon has not been substantially changed. Because of this, the most intense battle in the expansion of home appliance chain, with the leader of Suning Appliance and GOME are beginning to shift the focus of competition benefits a single store, rather than simply the scale of expansion. Suning Appliance Following the success of last year spent 80 million on-line SAP / ERP system, this year in June, but also with the IBM Corporation in the ERP system optimization, data mining, analysis, enterprise SOA platform, financial organizations, optimization, human resources training, member services, storage distribution and other projects to cooperate. Suning Appliance's efforts in this regard has been very good return, after adjustment for 2006, management improved results in the fourth quarter of 2006 reflected a single quarter expense ratio compared with the same period in 2005 a sharp decline. In addition, management improvements also enhance the effectiveness of a single shop. One-quarter results in 2007: a simple weighted single-store sales up 24.65 million yuan, up 10 percentage points; simple weighted income per unit area of 6,000 million, up 15%. Multiple disabilities to be a breakthrough

Since objectively speaking, the domestic help of local retailers in general requires meticulous management BI technology, but why delay a substantive step? China Chain Store & Franchise Association Information Technology Committee and deputy director, Vice President of Beijing E-Commerce at the same time as the Chinese company Wincor Nixdorf Retail Systems Division General Manager Yang Dehong explained from two aspects of the reasons.

First of all, Yang Dehong that, in the sense to make some adjustments for local retail business leaders who might be a more effective way. For example, he said, in today's retail business, whether domestic or foreign, good manager is very scarce. However, faced with such a problem in practice on domestic and foreign retail enterprises but there is a big difference, reflecting domestic and international retailers using cutting-edge information technology to solve business problems of consciousness between. In general, local retailers will be paid through the recruitment, training, and even the traditional way, step by step master train an apprentice train a good manager.

In fact, very risky to do so, not only took too long - to develop a qualified manager usually takes several years or even longer, and, if the personnel selection errors, is likely to spend time, money, and after can not train a qualified manager. Even if the train a qualified manager, then the experience is also extremely difficult to copy.

Correspondingly, according to Yang Dehong introduction of foreign retailers is usually a good practice is to store manager to deal with every day issues, as well as the best process to address these issues, through abstraction, induction into the enterprise information system. Thus, even a limited level of manager, the best process in accordance with the daily affairs, with the result although not necessarily the best, but certainly not bad. Do not only protect the manager of the management of all uniform, and some stores will not be outstanding performance, while some shops make ends meet the situation. Moreover, companies do not need the long process of cultivating talent.

"Most of the retail business, whether domestic or new product into the store site, whether it is in full use of information as a basis for the case to make it? Clearly, retailers have not land to dig deeper value of IT systems." Yang Dehong that consumers get from any data, are business resources and capital, while the current system of retail enterprises, collected data on consumer research functions of small retail businesses in the information they need process in the make up and perfect.

Yang Dehong The second obstacle is the data analysis methods. And BI is a business closely related to the application layer, so a different business model in the analysis, process and so will there is a big difference. Therefore, many methods require personalized support, this and closely related to the enterprises themselves. Therefore, Yang Dehong that even if the foreign retail enterprises mature BI system copy to domestic enterprises, the application is unlikely to produce the same effect. To ASN (Advance Shipment Notices, advance shipping notice) system, for example, in foreign countries, mainly through analyzing the system supplier orders and other information, timely dispatching warehouse, transportation, distribution and other related resources to improve efficiency and realize Careful management of goods. Although some domestic retailers ASN also launched its own system, but application has been changed, ASN become a supplier of retail assessment tools, such as whether the agreed delivery time, and so on. Urgent need to improve the ability of endogenous growth

In addition, there is no extensive data for analysis of high-quality retail and enterprise applications is a major obstacle to BI systems. Teradata Data Warehousing Division, Greater China CEO Wu Fu World in the question why the delay in local retail enterprises start to deploy the data warehouse made: In the past few years, despite China's domestic retail business of information technology has made remarkable results, but so far, compared with international peers, the overall level of information is still not high, the system construction is still in the exploratory stage, many aspects of the design is not comprehensive. This has resulted in the current retail business information system to replace the high frequency, very few systems use more than 5 years, generally three to four years would have to replace the new system has. This resulted in many historical data is lost or damaged, data of poor quality and not rich. So even if the data warehouse system may also face the dilemma of no data available for analysis.

Yang Dehong in the interview made a similar point of view, he believes that many retailers currently in data collection on information systems are inadequate, resulting in data analysis, no start. He also, for example, there is little information system to mineral water bottle of the type, appearance and other information collection storage, and there was little to link the system's features can capture pen down, so, for the consumer propensity to consume in this area analysis has no way to start the.

Ice or in front of

"In the past, department store business advocate goods first, but now is shifting customer first." CIO Building Beijing Cui Wei High photosensitive CIO at the Fourth China Forum on retail clients stressed the importance for retailers. High photosensitive believes that only through the information system of data analysis, we can more fully understand and better customer service.

CRM BI technology just is an important area. He has served as a domestic supermarket chain private enterprise CIO and Technology Co., Ltd. Fuji Cyclones senior consultant Lin Jing retail information technology experts believe that the card voucher system from the early application to today's customer-centric marketing concept precision, the domestic retail enterprises understanding of the CRM has experienced more than a decade long journey. After beginning to take shape when the information systems, retail store sales data every day, holding forth together to the headquarters, day and night to devour the server's disk space. But the data is not used, the more the more garbage. How to make real-time data about the key operation, so that the leaders in the data that crisis and opportunity behind, become the forefront of information technology at the local retail business in general focus.

Then, using data mining, intelligent analysis, so that play huge data-driven and value of the energy marketing business, the retail industry is gradually becoming the new trend of IT applications. In addition, some data warehouse provider, the price began to break the ice, introduced to allow the low margin retail business features for the industry to accept the low-cost data warehouse. Perhaps this will retail ice-breaking journey BI applications provide a new impetus. Information technology through ongoing, Suning has received to improve the management of returns.

Some industry leaders have also taken a lead, set a benchmark for other companies. Some retailers have already made in data mining attempts, they are no longer just the use of information technology to capture sales information for inventory management and supplier relationship management, but try to enter the information for marketing and higher stage. It is understood that Cuiwei building now has a variety of VIP membership card a few hundred thousand copies in their mass and effective use of information, and conducting customer relationship management, through system integration, development of a general statement, data mining, data model and a variety of graphical analysis, for each marketing campaign, based on an analysis of marketing information to determine the scope, intensity and time, with minimal marketing costs to create the best value for money.

In fact, according to Wu Fu World presentations, industry competition is promoting the application of BI technology, an important driving force. Previous years, retailers have been expanding in size among the competition, but also rarely involve the management of the competition, and now, with the expansion of the scale, the management is difficult to obtain timely management of all store data, relevant statistics lag. In particular, some major retail groups are not independent from the market, established businesses, but doping with excessive administrative interference, causing part of the integrated subsidiary of the retail group between the various sub-modules a dubious, seemingly one, but actually their own way - Information can not be shared, the data can not be integrated, distribution can not be unified. Thus, to improve management and reduce costs, integrate the upstream supply chain, will become the retail business for some time in the future to face the challenges of survival.

If, in the past 5 years, the focus of competition among retailers is limited in-store competition for resources; then in the "diseconomies of scale" phenomenon is expressed increasingly prominent when, in the next five years, retail business competition The focus will shift to rely on information technology to improve management and reduce the cost up.

Information infrastructure for the backwardness and weakness of information awareness, Wu Fu World that the local retail business in the front line, this obstacle is being gradually break. He said the retail sales in the first 10 enterprises have already basically have the deployment of enterprise-class data warehouse based on conditions.

Comment: urgent need to improve the endogenous capacity for increase

In the "scale of economy" status, many enterprises have tasted the blind expansion, do not pay attention to the consequences of endogenous growth, expansion of a number of supermarket chains face the cold. For example, Century Mart closed in Shijiazhuang, Shenyang and Guangzhou, some of the stores; Tianjin Home World Group in the expansion of the capital chain problems, the have to sell their home and some supermarket chains, in March this year, in turn the world's supermarkets sold to the whole of China Resources Group, withdrew from the supermarket retail industry. With the expanding number of retailers eager to experience the cold expansion, a number of industry sources, retailers need to reconsider the issue bigger or stronger, than simply the scale of expansion, emphasizing endogenous growth is more long-term health strategy.

Thus, to the refinement of the core BI management has become a local retail enterprises to enhance endogenous growth forces an important tool. Objectively speaking, China's domestic retail business has to have attention to BI application stage. Lin Jing in the past year, a systematic study on the retail CRM after that, if the "customer-based precision marketing" smart CRM comparison to GPS (global positioning system), the local retail industry, small and large ships and fleet, it is possible no one is equipped with GPS, but still use the old "compass." A "Compass" encounter "GPS", local retailers and foreign large-scale retail enterprises is an unequal fight for survival.







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High-quality C + + / C Programming Guide - Chapter 11 references the experience of other programming

Chapter 11 Other programming experience

11.1 Use const to improve the robustness of the function

See the const keyword, C + + programmers first thought may be constant const. This is not a good reflex. If you only know the definition of constants with const, then the equivalent of the powder is only used to make firecrackers. const more attractive is that it can modify the function parameters, return values, and even the definition of the function body.

const is a constant of the abbreviation, "constant" means. Const everything was modified by the force protection, to prevent accidental changes to improve the process robustness. Therefore, many C + + programming book proposal: "Use const whenever you need".

11.1.1 Modified function with const parameters

If the parameter for the output to use, no matter what it is data type, and whether it uses "pointer passed" or "passing reference" can not add const modified, otherwise the argument will lose output.

const can only modify the input parameters:

u If the input parameter a "pointer passed", then add const modified to prevent accidental changes to the pointer, has protective effects.

For example StringCopy function:

void StringCopy (char * strDestination, const char * strSource);

One strSource are input parameters, strDestination is output parameter. Add const to strSource modified, if the statement is trying to change the function body strSource content, the compiler will point out the error.

u If the input parameter used "value transfer", because the function will automatically generate temporary variables for the replication of the parameters, the input parameters would have no need to protect, so do not add const modified.

For example, do not function void Func1 (int x) written as void Func1 (const int x). Similarly do not function void Func2 (A a) written void Func2 (const A a). Where A is a user-defined data types.

u for non-internal data type parameters, such as void Func (A a) the efficiency of such comparative statement of the function bound to the end. Because the function body will have a temporary object of type A for the replication parameters a, and the construction of temporary objects, copy, destructor will be time-consuming process.

To improve efficiency, you can change the function declaration void Func (A & a), because "passing reference" to borrow only what alias parameters only, do not need to create temporary objects. But the function void Func (A & a) there is a drawback: "reference transfer" could change the parameters a, which we do not expect. To solve this problem is easy, you can add const modification, so the function eventually become void Func (const A & a).

And so, it should be void Func (int x) rewritten as void Func (const int & x), in order to improve efficiency? Not necessary, because the internal data structure of type parameter does not exist, the process of destruction, and reproduction is also very fast, "value transfer" and "passing reference" the efficiency of the almost equal.

The problem is so touching, I had to be "const &" the use of modified input parameters to sum up, as shown in Table 11-1-1.

For non-internal data type of input parameters, should be "value transfer" approach to "const reference to pass," aims to improve efficiency. Such as void Func (A a) to void Func (const A & a).

Internal data type for input parameters, not the "value transfer" approach to "const reference to pass." Otherwise, not only fail to improve efficiency, but also reduce the function of intelligibility. For example void Func (int x) should not be changed to void Func (const int & x).

Table 11-1-1 "const &" Modified input parameters of the rules

11.1.2 use the const return value modified

if u give "pointer passed" means plus function return value const modification, then the function returns the value (ie, pointer) of the content can not be modified, the return value can only be assigned to additional modification of the same type const pointer.

For example, the function

const char backup bin conf config data eshow_sitemap.html generate.sh log maint sitemap.html svn tmp GetString (void);

Statement will be a compilation error as follows:

char * str = GetString ();

Correct usage is

const char * str = GetString ();

u if the function returns a "value transfer mode", since function will return value copied to an external temporary storage unit, no value added const modified.

For example, not to function int GetInt (void) write const int GetInt (void).

Similarly not to function A GetA (void) write const A GetA (void), in which A is a user-defined data types.

If the return value is not within the data type, the function A GetA (void) rewritten as const A & GetA (void) does improve efficiency. But never, never to be careful at this time, we must find out whether the function returns an object to the "copy" or just return to "Alias" on it, otherwise the process will go wrong. See section 6.2 "Rules of the return value."

u function returns the value a "passing reference" not many occasions, this approach generally appear in the class assignment function, the objective is to achieve chain expression.

Such as

class A

(...

A & operate = (const A & other); / / assign function

);

A a, b, c; / / a, b, c for the A's object

...

a = b = c; / / normal chain assignment

(A = b) = c; / / not normal chain assignment, but the legal

If you assign the return value added const modification, then the return value is not allowed to change the content. The above example, the statement a = b = c is still correct, but statement (a = b) = c is illegal.

11.1.3 const member function

Does not modify any data member of the function should be declared as const type. If in the preparation of const member function, accidentally modify data members, or call the other non-const member functions, the compiler will indicate an error, it will undoubtedly improve the process robustness.

The following program, class member function GetCount stack used only for counting, logically, GetCount function should be const. Compiler will point out the error GetCount function.

class Stack

(

public:

void Push (int elem);

int Pop (void);

int GetCount (void) const; / / const member functions

private:

int m_num;

int m_data [100];

);

int Stack:: GetCount (void) const

(
+ + M_num; / / Compile error, attempting to modify the data members of the m_num

Pop (); / / Compile error, attempting to call non-const function

return m_num;

)

const member function declaration looks strange: const keyword on the function declaration can only be the tail, presumably because other places have been occupied.

11.2 efficiency of the process
Timing of the process efficiency is the speed, efficiency refers to the process of space occupied by the status of memory or external memory.

Overall efficiency is the standing point of the entire system to consider the efficiency of the local efficiency is the point of standing on the module or function to consider efficiency.

11-2-1銆?銆恟ules do not blindly pursue the efficiency of procedures, should meet the accuracy, reliability, robustness, readability, quality factors such as the premise, to efficiency of the process.

11-2-2銆?銆恟ules to improve the overall efficiency of the program mainly to improve the efficiency of the local secondary.

Rule 11-2-3銆?銆恊fficiency in the optimization process, you should first find out the restrictions on the efficiency of the "bottleneck", do not does not matter between optimization.

Rule 11-2-4銆?銆恌irst optimized data structures and algorithms, and then optimize the code.

Rule 11-2-5銆?銆恡ime efficiency and space efficiency is sometimes possible confrontation that should be analyzed at this time is more important to make appropriate trade-off. For example, take some more memory to improve performance.

11-2-6銆?銆恟ules do not pursue a compact code because the code does not produce compact and efficient machine code.

11.3 Some useful suggestions
Beware of those who proposed 11-3-1銆?銆恦isually difficult to distinguish the operator to write error occurred.

We often will "==" write error "=" symbols such as "","&&","<=",">=" also very prone to "throwing a" mistake. However, the compiler does not necessarily automatic that such an error.

11-3-2銆?銆恜roposed variables (pointers, arrays) have been created, initialize them should be promptly, to prevent the uninitialized variable as the right value to use.

Beware of the proposed 11-3-3銆?銆恑nitial value of variables, the default value of the error, or precision is not enough.

Beware of the proposed 11-3-4銆?銆怐ata type conversion error. To make use of explicit data type conversion (to let people know what happened), to prevent the compiler light quietly implicit data type conversions.

Beware of the proposed 11-3-5銆?銆恦ariable overflow or underflow occurs, the array subscript bounds.

Beware of the proposed 11-3-6銆?銆恌orget write error handler, be careful error handling process itself is wrong.

Beware of the proposed 11-3-7銆?銆恌ile I / O errors.

Proposed 11-3-8銆?銆恆void writing skills of a high code.

11-3-9銆?銆恟ecommended not to design every aspect, very flexible data structure.

11-3-10銆?銆恜roposed code quality if the original is better, try to reuse it. However, very bad, do not fix the code, should be re-written.

11-3-11銆?銆恜roposed to make use of standard library functions, not "invention" already exists in the library functions.

11-3-12銆?銆恟ecommended not to use specific hardware or software environment with the closely related variables.

11-3-13銆?銆恟ecommended compiler options to set the most stringent state item.

11-3-14銆?銆恟ecommended, if possible, use the PC-Lint, LogiScope tools such as code review.

References
[Cline] Marshall P. Cline and Greg A. Lomow, C + + FAQs, Addison-Wesley, 1995

[Eckel] Bruce Eckel, Thinking in C + + (C + + programming ideas, Zong-Tian Liu, M.), Machinery Industry Press, 2000

[Maguire] Steve Maguire, Writing Clean Code (programming essence, Jiang Jingbo, M.), Electronics Industry Press, 1993

[Meyers] Scott Meyers, Effective C + +, Addison-Wesley, 1992

[Murry] Robert B. Murry, C + + Strategies and Tactics, Addison-Wesley, 1993

[Summit] Steve Summit, C Programming FAQs, Addison-Wesley, 1996







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